EMS Celebrations - February is Heart Month!

As we celebrate American Heart Month, let us take a moment to acknowledge the critical role EMS plays in improving outcomes for cardiac emergencies.

From responding to myocardial infarctions to managing full cardiac arrests, prehospital providers are essential in delivering early, life-saving care. However, our work is far from over. The evolution of EMS has demonstrated that rapid response alone is not enough —our decisions and interventions directly influence patient survival and recovery rates.

Thanks to organizations like the American Heart Association and the American Red Cross, we have developed effective prehospital treatments and established the "Chain of Survival," which underscores the importance of early recognition, immediate CPR, rapid defibrillation, advanced care, and post-resuscitation support.

While EMS is a vital component of this system, transforming cardiac care requires a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach.

By utilizing both basic and advanced cardiac life support, we can make a meaningful impact and improve patient outcomes.

Let us continue striving for advancements, refining our techniques, and enhancing our response to cardiac emergencies to save more lives.

Source: JEMS - Emergency Medical Services

Recommended CPR Training Providers: 

Bethesda, Wales, UK: Active First Aid

Littleton, Colorado, USA: Colorado Cardiac CPR

International: Crossing Latitudes 

EMS Cardiac Emergencies - Pericarditis

Overview

Pericarditis is the inflammation of the pericardium, the protective sac around the heart. For EMS providers, recognizing pericarditis is critical because it can lead to serious complications like pericardial effusion or cardiac tamponade. 

The condition can be caused by a range of factors, including viral infections, bacterial infections, autoimmune disorders like lupus, trauma, and certain medications. 

It may also occur after a myocardial infarction (post-MI pericarditis or Dressler's Syndrome) or be associated with cancer or renal failure. Understanding the causes can help guide treatment and determine how urgent the patient’s condition may be.

Here are some things an EMS Provider needs to know:

Signs and Symptoms

Patients with pericarditis typically present with chest pain that is sharp, stabbing, and pleuritic in nature, meaning it worsens with deep breaths or coughing. A distinguishing feature of pericarditis-related chest pain is that it often improves when the patient sits up and leans forward, and worsens when lying flat. The pain can radiate to the neck, shoulders, or back, which can sometimes mimic the pain of a myocardial infarction.

In addition to chest pain, fever may be present, especially in cases caused by infections. Patients might also experience dyspnea, particularly if pericardial effusion (fluid buildup around the heart) develops. 

A classic sign detectable on physical examination is a pericardial friction rub, a scratchy or grating sound heard with a stethoscope near the left sternal border. 

EMS Providers may notice widespread ST-segment elevation across multiple leads and PR-segment depression on an EKG, both of which are characteristic of pericarditis. 

These combined symptoms can help differentiate pericarditis from other cardiac conditions, such as myocardial infarction.

Prehospital Treatment

Prehospital care for pericarditis focuses on symptom management and preventing complications. Positioning the patient in an upright or leaning-forward posture can relieve pain, and oxygen should be administered if hypoxia or dyspnea is present. 

NSAIDs, such as aspirin, if within protocol, can be used to alleviate pain and reduce inflammation. 

EKG monitoring is essential to detect any potential changes, such as arrhythmias or signs of tamponade. 

Providers should establish IV access for medications or fluid resuscitation, and if cardiac tamponade is suspected (marked by hypotension, jugular venous distention, and muffled heart sounds a.k.a Beck's Triad), rapid transport to a hospital is critical. 

Early hospital notification can prepare the receiving facility for advanced care.

In-Hospital Treatment

Once in the hospital, patients with pericarditis will undergo diagnostic testing, including an EKG to assess for pericardial effusion, and other tests such as chest X-rays or bloodwork to identify the underlying cause. 

Treatment usually involves anti-inflammatory medications like NSAIDs or colchicine to reduce inflammation and prevent recurrence. In some cases, corticosteroids may be used, but they are typically reserved for autoimmune cases or refractory pericarditis. 

Antibiotics are administered if a bacterial infection is identified. If a large pericardial effusion or cardiac tamponade is detected, emergency pericardiocentesis (draining fluid from the pericardium) is necessary. 

For recurrent or chronic pericarditis, surgical intervention, such as a pericardiectomy, might be considered.

Key Takeaways for EMS Providers

EMS Providers should be able to recognize pericarditis through its hallmark symptoms, including sharp, pleuritic chest pain and characteristic ECG changes. 

Rapid identification and intervention can prevent complications such as cardiac tamponade.

Prehospital care should focus on pain management, patient positioning, and continuous cardiac monitoring, while maintaining a high index of suspicion for worsening conditions. 

Prompt transport to a facility equipped for advanced cardiac care is essential, where definitive treatments, such as anti-inflammatory medications or pericardiocentesis, can be administered. Early intervention and effective prehospital management play a key role in patient outcomes.

Further Reading:

Ari D. Leib; Lisa A. Foris; Tran Nguyen; Karam Khaddour (2023) Dressler Syndrome. Treasure Island, Florida: StatPearls Publishing  Accessed September 7, 2024

Bledsoe, B. E., Cherry, R. A. & Porter, R. S (2023) Paramedic Care: Principles and Practice (6th Ed) Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson.

Peate, I. & Sawyer, S (2024) Fundamentals of Applied Pathophysiology for Paramedics. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley Blackwell.

Xanthopoulos, A. & Skoularigis, J. (2017) Diagnosis of Acute Pericarditis. Journal of Cardiology Practice #15. Accessed September 6, 2024

EMS Cardiology - Einthoven's Triangle

Einthoven's Triangle is a concept in electrocardiography that refers to the arrangement of three limb leads used to record the electrical activity of the heart.

It was developed in 1912 by Willem Einthoven, a Dutch physiologist, and forms the basis for the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG / EKG) used in clinical and prehospital settings today.

Understanding Einthoven's Triangle is relevant to EMS providers as it aids in the proper placement of leads and the interpretation of EKGs.

Einthoven's Triangle Basics: Components & Formation

Einthoven's Triangle consists of three limb leads, labeled I, II, and III, forming an inverted equilateral triangle with the heart at the center.

The triangle represents the spatial orientation of the heart's electrical axis, and is the basis for correct lead placement on a patient.

The axis is crucial in diagnosing heart conditions and understanding the overall electrical orientation of the heart.

Each lead measures the heart’s electrical field during the depolarization and repolarization of myocytes (muscle cells).

This electric field is represented as a vector that continuously changes and can be measured by recording the voltage, or potential, difference between electrodes.

Lead I: Measures the potential difference between the right and left arms, where the right electrode is negative, and the left is positive.

Lead II: Measures the potential difference between the right arm and left leg, where the right electrode is negative, and the left leg is positive.

Lead III: Measures the potential difference between the left arm and left leg, with the left arm electrode negative and the left leg positive.

The potential difference reflects the electrical contrast between distinct points. Within the context of Einthoven's Triangle, this concept relates to capturing the heart's electrical activity from varied spatial perspectives. It is integral to the creation of an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) and facilitates the interpretation of cardiac rhythms.12-Lead EKG:

Recognition of Abnormalities:

Understanding the spatial relationship of leads can assist EMS providers in recognizing abnormalities such as axis deviations and changes in amplitude and direction of the EKG waveforms.

Clinical implications & Decision-Making:

Proper EKG interpretation based on Einthoven's Triangle can help EMS providers in making timely clinical decisions, especially in the identification of acute myocardial infarctions and arrhythmias.

Myocardial Infarction: Changes in specific leads (such as ST-segment elevation or depression) can indicate myocardial infarction and guide the urgency of interventions.

Arrhythmias: The configuration of waveforms in Einthoven's Triangle aids in the identification of various arrhythmias, influencing treatment decisions.

Summary:

Einthoven's Triangle is a fundamental concept in electrocardiography that EMS providers need to understand for accurate EKG interpretation.

It offers a spatial orientation of leads, assisting in lead placement, axis determination, and the identification of cardiac abnormalities.

Although Einthoven's Triangle involves just three leads, it serves as the basis for the 12-lead EKG, which offers a more comprehensive view of the heart's electrical activity. This expanded perspective aids in diagnosing various cardiac conditions.

This knowledge is indispensable for EMS providers in the prehospital setting, enabling them to make informed decisions and deliver timely care to patients with cardiac issues.

Further Reading:

Garcia, T. (2013) 12-Lead ECG: The Art of Interpretation (2nd Ed.) Jones & Bartlett Learning

Walraven, G. (2016) Basic Arrhythmias (8th Ed.). Pearson

ECG Educational Standards for Prehospital Providers

Medical Device History: Einthoven’s Triangle and the Electrocardiogram